The Civil Rights movement was so successful because these three women (along with many others) worked tirelessly to figure out details of events, organize materials, and educate fellow activists.
Hear directly from these Warriors...
Watch from minute 7:45 to 9:30. Septima Clark discusses the Montgomery Bus Boycott and violence from White groups against the Civil Rights Activists. What does this clip teach you about Clark?
Watch Jo Ann Robinson speak about the Montgomery Bus Boycott. What does this clip teach you about the feelings of Southern Blacks in the 1950s?
Listen to Ella Baker's speech. What does she mean when she says, "A nice gathering like this today is not enough"?
Bibliography
Septima Poinsette Clark
Clark, Septima Poinsette. "Interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 30, 1976. Interview G-0017." Interview by Eugene Walker. Southern Oral History Program Collection, https://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/playback.html?base_file=G-0017&duration=01:26:08.
Clark, Septima Poinsette and Blythe, LeGette. Echo in My Soul. E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1962.
Johnson, Karen A. "The Antioppressionist Thoughts and Pedagogies of Anna Julia Cooper and Septima Poinsette Clark." Black Female Teachers: Diversifying the United States' Teacher Workforce, edited by Abiola Farinde-Wu and Ayanna Allen-Handy, Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017, pp. 59-81.
Clark, Septima Poinsette. "Interview with Septima Poinsette Clark, July 30, 1976. Interview G-0017." Interview by Eugene Walker. Southern Oral History Program Collection, https://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/playback.html?base_file=G-0017&duration=01:26:08.
Clark, Septima Poinsette and Blythe, LeGette. Echo in My Soul. E.P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1962.
Johnson, Karen A. "The Antioppressionist Thoughts and Pedagogies of Anna Julia Cooper and Septima Poinsette Clark." Black Female Teachers: Diversifying the United States' Teacher Workforce, edited by Abiola Farinde-Wu and Ayanna Allen-Handy, Emerald Publishing Limited, 2017, pp. 59-81.
Jo Ann Robinson
Robinson, Jo Ann. “Eyes on the Prize; America, They Loved You Madly; Interview with Jo Ann Robinson.” 1979-08-27. Film and Media Archive, Washington University in St. Louis, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Web. May 13, 2023. <http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-151-wh2d796b02>.
Robinson, Jo Ann & Garrow, David J. (editor). The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Made It: The Memoirs of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson. University of Tennessee Press, 1987.
Smithsonian, "Jo Ann Robinson: A Heroine of the Montgomery Bus Boycott." National Museum of African American History & Culture, Washington, DC. Web. May 13, 2023. <https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/jo-ann-robinson-heroine-montgomery-bus-boycott>.
Robinson, Jo Ann. “Eyes on the Prize; America, They Loved You Madly; Interview with Jo Ann Robinson.” 1979-08-27. Film and Media Archive, Washington University in St. Louis, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC. Web. May 13, 2023. <http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-151-wh2d796b02>.
Robinson, Jo Ann & Garrow, David J. (editor). The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Made It: The Memoirs of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson. University of Tennessee Press, 1987.
Smithsonian, "Jo Ann Robinson: A Heroine of the Montgomery Bus Boycott." National Museum of African American History & Culture, Washington, DC. Web. May 13, 2023. <https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/jo-ann-robinson-heroine-montgomery-bus-boycott>.
Ella Baker
Baker, Ella. "Bigger Than a Hamburger." Southern Patriot, Vol. 18, no. 5, June 1960, https://www.crmvet.org/docs/sncc2.htm.
---. "Ella Baker: Organizer for Civil Rights." Interview by Ellen Cantarow. Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Social Change, The Feminist Press, 1980, pp. 52-91.
Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. The University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Baker, Ella. "Bigger Than a Hamburger." Southern Patriot, Vol. 18, no. 5, June 1960, https://www.crmvet.org/docs/sncc2.htm.
---. "Ella Baker: Organizer for Civil Rights." Interview by Ellen Cantarow. Moving the Mountain: Women Working for Social Change, The Feminist Press, 1980, pp. 52-91.
Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. The University of North Carolina Press, 2003.